![]() On 12 December 2020, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) issued an interim recommendation for the use of a two-dose regimen of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine (which was shown to have 95% efficacy in protection against COVID-19) in persons aged ≥16 years ( Oliver et al., 2020, Polack et al., 2020). The US Food and Drug Administration has authorized two mRNA vaccines to prevent COVID-19: the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech) on 11 December 2020, and the mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine (Moderna) on 18 December 2020. As of 22 February 2021, there had been 500,000 deaths related to COVID-19 in the USA ( CDC, 2021a). ![]() Common complications of COVID-19 include pneumonia acute respiratory distress syndrome acute liver failure cardiac abnormalities with troponin elevation acute heart failure dysrhythmias myocarditis prothrombotic coagulopathy resulting in venous and arterial thromboembolic events acute renal failure neurologic manifestations, including impaired consciousness and acute cerebrovascular disease and shock ( Chen et al., 2020, Levi et al., 2020, Long et al., 2020, Mao et al., 2020b, Middeldorp et al., 2020, Rodriguez-Morales et al., 2020). The symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, include fever, generalized weakness/fatigue, myalgia, dry cough, shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, headache, anosmia, ageusia and rhinorrhoea ( Mao et al., 2020a, Mao et al., 2020b). Although the role of aerosol spread in humans remains unclear, this mode of transmission is still a major concern ( Ganyani et al., 2020). SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted via respiratory droplets from face-to-face contact or contaminated surfaces. ![]() Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global pandemic in a short period of time, imposing challenges on medical services, researchers, epidemiologists and policy makers about the nature of the virus and posing challenges for a successful vaccine outcome ( Umakanthan et al., 2020). ![]()
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